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Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock that is primarily composed of carbon, along with various other elements such as hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It forms from the remains of plants that lived and died millions of years ago, usually in swampy environments, and is classified as a fossil fuel.

There are several types of coal based on carbon content and energy output, including:

  • Anthracite (the highest carbon content, most efficient and clean-burning type),
  • Bituminous (used in electricity generation and industrial processes),
  • Sub-bituminous (lower carbon content and energy),
  • Lignite (the lowest carbon content, often referred to as "brown coal").

Coal is primarily used for generating electricity in power plants, producing heat in industrial processes (like steelmaking), and as a raw material in certain chemical productions. However, its usage has been declining due to environmental concerns, as coal combustion releases large amounts of carbon dioxide, contributing to climate change.

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